Wallpaper is material which is used to cover and decorate the interior walls of homes, offices, and other buildings; it is one aspect of interior decoration. Wallpapers are usually sold in rolls and are put onto a wall using wallpaper paste.
Wallpapers can come either plain so it can be painted or with patterned graphics. Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing, gravure printing, silk screen-printing, and rotary printing. Mathematically speaking, there are seventeen basic patterns, described as wallpaper groups, that can be used to tile an infinite plane. All manufactured wallpaper patterns are based on these groups. A single pattern can be issued in several different colorways.
"Wallpaper" is also a term for computer wallpaper.
History
Wallpaper, using the printmaking technique of woodcut, gained popularity in Renaissance Europe amongst the emerging gentry. The elite of society were accustomed to hanging large tapestries on the walls of their homes, a tradition from the Middle Ages. These tapestries added colour to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.
Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loose on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. prints were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces, notably Albrecht Dürer, who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was the Triumphal Arch commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal 3.57 by 2.95 metres, made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particlar, town halls, after hand-colouring.
Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of old master prints, often in engraving of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.
England seems to have been always a leader in wallpaper; the earliest known sample found on a wall comes from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in England following Henry VIII's excommunication from the Catholic Church - English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from Flanders and Arras, but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.
During The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, the manufacture of wallpaper, seen as a frivolous item by the Puritan government, was halted. Following the Restoration of Charles II, wealthy people across England began demanding wallpaper again - Cromwell's regime had imposed a boring culture on people, and following his death, wealthy people began purchasing comfortable domestic items which had been banned under the Puritan state. By the mid-eighteenth century, Britain was the leading wallpaper manufacturer in Europe, exporting vast quantities to Europe in addition to selling on the middle-class British market. However this trade was seriously disrupted in 1755 by the Seven Years War and later the Napoleonic Wars, and by a heavy level of duty on imports to France.
In 1748 the English ambassador to Paris decorated his salon with blue flock wallpaper, which then became very fashionable there. In the 1760's the French manufacturer Réveillon hired designers working in silk and tapestry to produce some of the most subtle and luxurious wallpaper ever made. Towards the end of the century the fashion for scenic wallpaper revived in both England and France, leading to some enormous panoramas, like the 1804 20 strip wide English one showing the Voyages of Captain Cook, which is still in situ in Ham House, Peabody Massachusetts. Like most of eighteenth century wallpapers, this was designed to be hung above a dado.
During the Napoleonic Wars , trade between Europe and Britain evaporated, resulting in the gradual decline of the wallpaper industry in Britain. However, the end of the war saw a massive demand in Europe for British goods which had been inaccessible during the wars, including cheap, colourful wallpaper. The development of steam-powered printing presses in Britain in 1813 allowed manufacturers to mass-produce wallpaper, reducing its price and so making it affordable to working-class people. Wallpaper enjoyed a huge boom in popularity in the nineteenth century, seen as a cheap and very effective way of brightening up cramped and dark rooms in working-class areas. By the early twentieth century, wallpaper had established itself as one of the most popular household items across the Western world.
"Wallpaper" is also a term for computer wallpaper, referring to an image used as a background on a laptop screen, usually for the desktop of a graphical user interface. "Wallpaper" is the term used in Microsoft Windows, while the Mac OS calls it a 'desktop picture'.
Wallpapers : Wallpapers.com - FREE Wallpapers, E-card, Greeting ... Wallpapers - The largest website for Original Desktop Wallpapers and E-cards.[http://www.wallpapers.com/]
Anime Wallpapers.com Largest collection of anime wallpapers online done by various artist.[http://www.animewallpapers.com/]
Beautiful Wallpapers - Free Wallpapers A collection of the most beautiful wallpapers and desktop themes for free.[http://www.beautifulwallpapers.com/]
Digital Blasphemy 3D Wallpaper Hi-res original 3d-rendered computer desktop wallpapers. The public gallery imagesare free to use as your personal desktop wallpaper.[http://www.digitalblasphemy.com/]
GameWallpapers.com Crysis NEW! Wallpapers: 1 Only on GameWallpapers.com High quality wallpapers areexclusive for registered users. Dragonshard Wallpapers: 4 ...[http://www.gamewallpapers.com/]
Wallpapers, Desktop Wallpapers Each operating system provides several pre-installed wallpapers images for the... A user can also choose to download and install third-party wallpapers and ...[http://www.basehead.org/]
Free Wallpapers Create Free Animated Wallpapers Make Free Wallpapers: Free Wallpapers and learn to create your own free animated... How do I create free animated wallpapers for my 3G cell phone? ...[http://www.sprintusers.com/free-wallpapers.php]
Wallpapers free downloads wallpapers.org free High Quality Computer Wallpapers.[http://www.wallpapers.org/]
desktopwallpapers.net - High Quality Computer Wallpapers desktopwallpapers.net - High Quality Computer Wallpapers - contains hundreds ofhigh quality wallpapers in several different categories.[http://www.desktopwallpapers.net/]
15 Ağustos 2007 Çarşamba
Web Host
A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to provide their own websites accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Webhosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.
Service scope
The scopes of hosting services vary widely. The most basic is webpage and small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with little processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service for free to their subscribers. People can also obtain Web page hosting from other, alternative service providers. Web page hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or cheap.
Web page hosting is generally sufficient only for personal web pages. A complex site calls for a more comprehensive package that provides database support and application development platforms (e.g. PHP, Java, and ASP.NET). These facilities allow the customers to write or install scripts for applications like forums and content management. For e-commerce, SSL is also required.
The host may also provide a Web interface control panel (e.g. cPanel, Hosting Controller, Plesk or View a list of Control panels) for managing the Web server and installing scripts as well as other services like e-mail. Control panels and web interfaces have been causing some controversy lately as Web.com claims that it holds patent rights to the hosting technology with its 19 patents. Hostopia, a large wholesale host, recently purchased a license to use that technology from web.com for 10% of retail revenues[1]. Web.com recently sued Go Daddy as well for similar patent infringement [2].
Some hosts specialize in certain software or services (e.g. e-commerce). They are commonly used by larger companies to outsource network infrastructure to a hosting company. To find a web hosting company, there are searchable directories that can be used.
Hosting reliability and uptime
Hosting uptime refers to the percentage of time the host is accessible via the internet. Many hosting providers state that they aim for a 99.9% uptime, but there may be server restarts and planned (or unplanned) maintenance in any web hosting environment.
A popular claim from the popular hosting providers is '99% or 99.9% server uptime' but this often refers only to a server being powered on and doesn't account for network downtime. Real downtime can potentially be larger than the percentage guaranteed by the hosting provider. Many providers tie uptime, and accessibility, into their own Service Level Agreement, or SLA. SLAs may or may not include refunds, or reduced costs if performance goals are not met.
Types of hosting
Internet hosting services can run Web servers; see Internet hosting services.
Hosting services limited to the Web:
Free web hosting service: is free, (sometimes) advertisement-supported web hosting, and is extremely limited when compared to paid hosting.
Shared web hosting service: one's Web site is placed on the same server as many other sites, ranging from a few to hundreds or thousands. Typically, all domains may share a common pool of server resources, such as RAM and the CPU.
Reseller web hosting: allows clients to become web hosts themselves. Resellers could function, for individual domains, under any combination of these listed types of hosting, depending on who they are affiliated with as a provider.
Virtual Dedicated Server: slicing up a server into virtual servers. each user feels like they're on their own dedicated server, but they're actually sharing a server with many other users.
Dedicated hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server and gains full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, the user typically does not own the server.
Colocation web hosting service: similar to the dedicated web hosting service, but the user owns the server; the hosting company provides physical space that the server takes up and takes care of the server. This is the most powerful and expensive type of the web hosting service. In most cases, the colocation provider may provide little to no support directly for their client's machine, providing only the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for the server.
Clustered hosting: having multiple servers hosting the same content for better resource utilization. Wikipedia's own servers are a good example of this.
Some specific Web services:
File hosting service: hosts not web pages but files
Image hosting service
Video hosting service
Blog hosting service
One-click hosting
Shopping cart software
Web Host Directory: The best free source of web hosting services ... Web Host Directory: Your best free source of web hosting services, featuring moreWeb Hosts details than ANY other Web Host Directory, along with powerful ...[http://www.webhostdir.com/]
Web hosting, domain names and web design services by FortuneCity Offers domain names registration, web hosting and a site builder tool for web hosting..[http://www.fortunecity.com/]
Affordable, full service web hosting packages. GoDaddy.com: Pay less for web site hosting. Powerful hosting plans with manyfeatures, including email and 24x7 technical support.[https://www.godaddy.com/gdshop/hosting/landing.asp?isc=gppg1727&se=+]
WebHostingTalk Forums - Web Hosting Discussion A popular web hosting discussion forum. ... Software used in the web hostingindustry. Topics include control panels, add-on software, setup scripts, etc. ...[http://www.webhostingtalk.com/]
Web Hosting Resource and Directory since 1997 - Tophosts.com Web hosting resource and directory: Tophosts.com is the longest running webhosting resource. Search our host database, review the Top 25 hosts and access ...[http://www.tophosts.com/]
Web Hosting by iPowerWeb Offers one solution web hosting package, includes POP3, FTP, SSL, CGI, PHP,FrontPage extensions, and web site statistics.[http://www.ipowerweb.com/]
ProHosting - Free and Professional Web Hosting ProHosting.Com Inc. offers unsurpassed quality and solutions for far less thanour leading competitors. From Web Site hosting and eCommerce to professional ...[http://free.prohosting.com/]
Web Hosting for a Professional Web Site: Yahoo! Web Hosting Offers shared web hosting services. Supports PHP and MySQL, domain name includedand 24/7 toll free support.[http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/webhosting/]
Netfirms, Free Web Hosting, Domain Names for Small Business 25Mb with unlimited hits on a clustered web hosting platform. Banner ad requiredon each page; user ads are permitted. FTP uploads. Email forwarding.[http://www.netfirms.com/]
Service scope
The scopes of hosting services vary widely. The most basic is webpage and small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with little processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service for free to their subscribers. People can also obtain Web page hosting from other, alternative service providers. Web page hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or cheap.
Web page hosting is generally sufficient only for personal web pages. A complex site calls for a more comprehensive package that provides database support and application development platforms (e.g. PHP, Java, and ASP.NET). These facilities allow the customers to write or install scripts for applications like forums and content management. For e-commerce, SSL is also required.
The host may also provide a Web interface control panel (e.g. cPanel, Hosting Controller, Plesk or View a list of Control panels) for managing the Web server and installing scripts as well as other services like e-mail. Control panels and web interfaces have been causing some controversy lately as Web.com claims that it holds patent rights to the hosting technology with its 19 patents. Hostopia, a large wholesale host, recently purchased a license to use that technology from web.com for 10% of retail revenues[1]. Web.com recently sued Go Daddy as well for similar patent infringement [2].
Some hosts specialize in certain software or services (e.g. e-commerce). They are commonly used by larger companies to outsource network infrastructure to a hosting company. To find a web hosting company, there are searchable directories that can be used.
Hosting reliability and uptime
Hosting uptime refers to the percentage of time the host is accessible via the internet. Many hosting providers state that they aim for a 99.9% uptime, but there may be server restarts and planned (or unplanned) maintenance in any web hosting environment.
A popular claim from the popular hosting providers is '99% or 99.9% server uptime' but this often refers only to a server being powered on and doesn't account for network downtime. Real downtime can potentially be larger than the percentage guaranteed by the hosting provider. Many providers tie uptime, and accessibility, into their own Service Level Agreement, or SLA. SLAs may or may not include refunds, or reduced costs if performance goals are not met.
Types of hosting
Internet hosting services can run Web servers; see Internet hosting services.
Hosting services limited to the Web:
Free web hosting service: is free, (sometimes) advertisement-supported web hosting, and is extremely limited when compared to paid hosting.
Shared web hosting service: one's Web site is placed on the same server as many other sites, ranging from a few to hundreds or thousands. Typically, all domains may share a common pool of server resources, such as RAM and the CPU.
Reseller web hosting: allows clients to become web hosts themselves. Resellers could function, for individual domains, under any combination of these listed types of hosting, depending on who they are affiliated with as a provider.
Virtual Dedicated Server: slicing up a server into virtual servers. each user feels like they're on their own dedicated server, but they're actually sharing a server with many other users.
Dedicated hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server and gains full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, the user typically does not own the server.
Colocation web hosting service: similar to the dedicated web hosting service, but the user owns the server; the hosting company provides physical space that the server takes up and takes care of the server. This is the most powerful and expensive type of the web hosting service. In most cases, the colocation provider may provide little to no support directly for their client's machine, providing only the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for the server.
Clustered hosting: having multiple servers hosting the same content for better resource utilization. Wikipedia's own servers are a good example of this.
Some specific Web services:
File hosting service: hosts not web pages but files
Image hosting service
Video hosting service
Blog hosting service
One-click hosting
Shopping cart software
Web Host Directory: The best free source of web hosting services ... Web Host Directory: Your best free source of web hosting services, featuring moreWeb Hosts details than ANY other Web Host Directory, along with powerful ...[http://www.webhostdir.com/]
Web hosting, domain names and web design services by FortuneCity Offers domain names registration, web hosting and a site builder tool for web hosting..[http://www.fortunecity.com/]
Affordable, full service web hosting packages. GoDaddy.com: Pay less for web site hosting. Powerful hosting plans with manyfeatures, including email and 24x7 technical support.[https://www.godaddy.com/gdshop/hosting/landing.asp?isc=gppg1727&se=+]
WebHostingTalk Forums - Web Hosting Discussion A popular web hosting discussion forum. ... Software used in the web hostingindustry. Topics include control panels, add-on software, setup scripts, etc. ...[http://www.webhostingtalk.com/]
Web Hosting Resource and Directory since 1997 - Tophosts.com Web hosting resource and directory: Tophosts.com is the longest running webhosting resource. Search our host database, review the Top 25 hosts and access ...[http://www.tophosts.com/]
Web Hosting by iPowerWeb Offers one solution web hosting package, includes POP3, FTP, SSL, CGI, PHP,FrontPage extensions, and web site statistics.[http://www.ipowerweb.com/]
ProHosting - Free and Professional Web Hosting ProHosting.Com Inc. offers unsurpassed quality and solutions for far less thanour leading competitors. From Web Site hosting and eCommerce to professional ...[http://free.prohosting.com/]
Web Hosting for a Professional Web Site: Yahoo! Web Hosting Offers shared web hosting services. Supports PHP and MySQL, domain name includedand 24/7 toll free support.[http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/webhosting/]
Netfirms, Free Web Hosting, Domain Names for Small Business 25Mb with unlimited hits on a clustered web hosting platform. Banner ad requiredon each page; user ads are permitted. FTP uploads. Email forwarding.[http://www.netfirms.com/]
World
The World is a name for the planet Earth seen from a human point of view, as a place inhabited by human beings. It is often used to mean the sum of human experience and history, or the 'human condition' in general.[1]
Especially in a metaphysical context, it can also refer to everything that makes up reality, the universe: see World (philosophy).
Origin and history of the name
In English, world is rooted in a compound of the obsolete words were, man, and eld, age; thus, its oldest meaning is "age or life of man".
Usage
'World' distinguishes the entire planet or population from any particular country or region: world affairs are those which pertain not just to one place but to the whole world, and world history is a field of history which examines events from a global (rather than a national) perspective. Earth, on the other hand, refers to the planet as a physical entity, and distinguishes it from other planets and physical objects.
In Christian theology, the 'World' connotes the corrupt, mortal order of society outside the community of believers. It is often cited alongside the flesh and the Devil as a source of temptation that Christians should flee. The adjective worldly refers to world in this sense: 'mortal', 'mundane', 'devoted to the interests of this world'. See World (theology).
'World' can also be used attributively, as an adjective, to mean 'global', 'relating to the whole world', forming usages such as World community. See World (adjective).
By extension, a 'world' may refer to any planet or heavenly body, especially when it is thought of as inhabited.
In the study of religion and mythology, the Underworld is a place, often thought of as below the (flat) world, where souls go upon death. In some mythologies there were numerous underworlds, the choice of which depended on the soul's virtue or worth: the Elysian Fields are an example from Roman religion.
'World', when qualified, can also refer to a particular domain of human experience.
The world of work describes paid work and the pursuit of a career, in all its social aspects, to distinguish it from home life and academic study.
The fashion world describes the environment of the designers, fashion houses and consumers that make up the fashion industry.
The New World is a part of the world discovered or colonized later than other parts; it usually refers to the American continents or to Australia. The Old World refers, by contrast, to the continents of Europe, Asia and north Africa.
CIA - The World Factbook United States government profiles of countries and non-self-governing territoriesaround the world. Information on geography, people, government, ...[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/]
The World Bank WBI is part of the World Bank Group. Site includes reports from both their DistanceLearning and their Evaluation Units.[http://www.worldbank.org/]
Education World® The Educator's Best Friend Education World®. The Educator's Best Friend. The surfing is over. Here you willfind the best education links and original content the Net has to offer.[http://www.education-world.com/]
The World Clock - Time Zones The World Clock shows current local time in cities and countries, in all time zones.[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/]
World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium was created to lead the World Wide Web to its fullpotential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ...[http://www.w3.org/]
WHO World Health Organization The United Nations public health arm. Monitors disease outbreaks, assesses theperformance of health systems around the globe, maintains world ...[http://www.who.int/]
Volcano World - The Web's Premier Source of Volcano Info Brings modern and near real-time volcano information to school kids.[http://volcano.und.edu/]
PC World Computer and Internet news and information resource. Reviews, how-tos, downloads,product and price information.[http://www.pcworld.com/]
world atlas of maps flags and geography facts a world atlas of facts flags and maps including every continent, country,dependency, exotic destination, island, major city, ocean, province, ...[http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/world.htm]
Especially in a metaphysical context, it can also refer to everything that makes up reality, the universe: see World (philosophy).
Origin and history of the name
In English, world is rooted in a compound of the obsolete words were, man, and eld, age; thus, its oldest meaning is "age or life of man".
Usage
'World' distinguishes the entire planet or population from any particular country or region: world affairs are those which pertain not just to one place but to the whole world, and world history is a field of history which examines events from a global (rather than a national) perspective. Earth, on the other hand, refers to the planet as a physical entity, and distinguishes it from other planets and physical objects.
In Christian theology, the 'World' connotes the corrupt, mortal order of society outside the community of believers. It is often cited alongside the flesh and the Devil as a source of temptation that Christians should flee. The adjective worldly refers to world in this sense: 'mortal', 'mundane', 'devoted to the interests of this world'. See World (theology).
'World' can also be used attributively, as an adjective, to mean 'global', 'relating to the whole world', forming usages such as World community. See World (adjective).
By extension, a 'world' may refer to any planet or heavenly body, especially when it is thought of as inhabited.
In the study of religion and mythology, the Underworld is a place, often thought of as below the (flat) world, where souls go upon death. In some mythologies there were numerous underworlds, the choice of which depended on the soul's virtue or worth: the Elysian Fields are an example from Roman religion.
'World', when qualified, can also refer to a particular domain of human experience.
The world of work describes paid work and the pursuit of a career, in all its social aspects, to distinguish it from home life and academic study.
The fashion world describes the environment of the designers, fashion houses and consumers that make up the fashion industry.
The New World is a part of the world discovered or colonized later than other parts; it usually refers to the American continents or to Australia. The Old World refers, by contrast, to the continents of Europe, Asia and north Africa.
CIA - The World Factbook United States government profiles of countries and non-self-governing territoriesaround the world. Information on geography, people, government, ...[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/]
The World Bank WBI is part of the World Bank Group. Site includes reports from both their DistanceLearning and their Evaluation Units.[http://www.worldbank.org/]
Education World® The Educator's Best Friend Education World®. The Educator's Best Friend. The surfing is over. Here you willfind the best education links and original content the Net has to offer.[http://www.education-world.com/]
The World Clock - Time Zones The World Clock shows current local time in cities and countries, in all time zones.[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/]
World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium was created to lead the World Wide Web to its fullpotential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ...[http://www.w3.org/]
WHO World Health Organization The United Nations public health arm. Monitors disease outbreaks, assesses theperformance of health systems around the globe, maintains world ...[http://www.who.int/]
Volcano World - The Web's Premier Source of Volcano Info Brings modern and near real-time volcano information to school kids.[http://volcano.und.edu/]
PC World Computer and Internet news and information resource. Reviews, how-tos, downloads,product and price information.[http://www.pcworld.com/]
world atlas of maps flags and geography facts a world atlas of facts flags and maps including every continent, country,dependency, exotic destination, island, major city, ocean, province, ...[http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/world.htm]
Flowers
1-800-Flowers.com Florist and gift retailer and franchisor with more than 100 stores nationwideoffering online purchasing of arrangements, plants, gift baskets, ...[http://www.1800flowers.com/]
Flower Delivery, Plants, Gift Baskets at 1-800-FLOWERS.COM - Your ... Flower delivery, unique gifts, gourmet foods, sweets and plants presented by1-800-FLOWERS.COM, a leading online provider of fresh-cut flowers, bouquets, ...[http://www.1800flowers.com/flowers/welcome.asp]
FLORIST FLOWERS - Florist flower delivery and Virtual Flowers ... Send Flowers (Virtual Flowers.Com™)- Welcome! We are the leading on-line floristyou can trust to send flowers same day delivery of florist flower ...[http://www.virtualflowers.com/]
FTD.COM - Send flowers and gifts delivered fresh from florists FTD.COM - Same day delivery of flower arrangements, roses, bouquets, plants andother gifts for anniversaries, birthdays, new babies, housewarming, ...[http://www.ftd.com/]
Flower delivery, send flowers from ProFlowers.com Fresh flower delivery from Proflowers.com. Our flowers are shipped fresh fromthe fields ready to burst open into a magnificent display of color.[http://www.proflowers.com/]
VIRTUAL FLORIST - Online Flower Delivery - Send Flowers or a FREE ... Years of experience in the floral business assure a Secure, Friendly and Dependableshopping experience for all your Real Flower, Plant, and Gift needs.[http://www.virtualflorist.com/]
Aboutflowers.com Home Page Sponsored by the Society of American Florists. Features buying advice, a guideto flower varieties, care tips, occasion reminder service and directory of ...[http://www.aboutflowers.com/]
Broken Flowers (2005) Broken Flowers - Cast, Crew, Reviews, Plot Summary, Comments, Discussion, Taglines,Trailers, Posters, Photos, Showtimes, Link to Official Site, Fan Sites.[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0412019/]
Wildflowers A page of links to native plant forums, events, catalogs, and other wildflowergardening resources at GardenWeb.[http://www.wild-flowers.com/]
Flower Delivery, Plants, Gift Baskets at 1-800-FLOWERS.COM - Your ... Flower delivery, unique gifts, gourmet foods, sweets and plants presented by1-800-FLOWERS.COM, a leading online provider of fresh-cut flowers, bouquets, ...[http://www.1800flowers.com/flowers/welcome.asp]
FLORIST FLOWERS - Florist flower delivery and Virtual Flowers ... Send Flowers (Virtual Flowers.Com™)- Welcome! We are the leading on-line floristyou can trust to send flowers same day delivery of florist flower ...[http://www.virtualflowers.com/]
FTD.COM - Send flowers and gifts delivered fresh from florists FTD.COM - Same day delivery of flower arrangements, roses, bouquets, plants andother gifts for anniversaries, birthdays, new babies, housewarming, ...[http://www.ftd.com/]
Flower delivery, send flowers from ProFlowers.com Fresh flower delivery from Proflowers.com. Our flowers are shipped fresh fromthe fields ready to burst open into a magnificent display of color.[http://www.proflowers.com/]
VIRTUAL FLORIST - Online Flower Delivery - Send Flowers or a FREE ... Years of experience in the floral business assure a Secure, Friendly and Dependableshopping experience for all your Real Flower, Plant, and Gift needs.[http://www.virtualflorist.com/]
Aboutflowers.com Home Page Sponsored by the Society of American Florists. Features buying advice, a guideto flower varieties, care tips, occasion reminder service and directory of ...[http://www.aboutflowers.com/]
Broken Flowers (2005) Broken Flowers - Cast, Crew, Reviews, Plot Summary, Comments, Discussion, Taglines,Trailers, Posters, Photos, Showtimes, Link to Official Site, Fan Sites.[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0412019/]
Wildflowers A page of links to native plant forums, events, catalogs, and other wildflowergardening resources at GardenWeb.[http://www.wild-flowers.com/]
Finance
Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. The term finance may thus incorporate any of the following:
The study of money and other assets;
The management and control of those assets;
Profiling and managing project risks;
As a verb, "to finance" is to provide funds for business.
The activity of finance is the application of a set of techniques that individuals and organizations (entities) use to manage their financial affairs, particularly the differences between income and expenditure and the risks of their investments.
An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference.
A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays the interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in space since they allow different lenders and borrowers to meet, and in time, since every borrower, in theory, will eventually pay back.
A specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If you buy one share of XYZ Inc, and they have 100 shares outstanding (held by investors), you are 1/100 owner of that company. You own 1/100 of the net difference between assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Of course, in return for the stock, the company receives cash, which it uses to expand its business in a process called "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is called the company's capital structure.
Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), etc., as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional setting.
Yahoo! Finance - Get stock quotes, market news, mortgage rates ... At Yahoo! Finance, you get free stock quotes, up to date news, portfolio managementresources, international market data, message boards, and mortgage rates ...[http://finance.yahoo.com/]
CNNMoney.com Combines practical personal finance advice, calculators and investing tips withbusiness news, stock quotes, and financial market coverage from the editors ...[http://money.cnn.com/]
The International Finance Corporation IFC is a member of the World Bank Group. It finances and provides advice forprivate sector ventures and projects in developing countries in partnership ...[http://www.ifc.org/]
Fool.com: Investing, Stock Research, and Personal Finance Expert advice on picking stocks, investing for retirement, and dealing with life'smajor personal finance decisions.[http://www.fool.com/]
Quote.com: Homepage Lycos Finance- Get stock quotes, streaming LiveCharts, customizable Interactivecharts, Raging Bull message boards, financial news & research, ...[http://www.quote.com/]
New England College of Finance Register online, course information, seminar and custom training, admissions,online courses, Financial Services Academy, corporate information, FAQ.[http://www.finance.edu/]
Careers in Finance CareerSelector.com brings you free information on key careers in business suchas investment banking, consulting and marketing.[http://www.careers-in-finance.com/]
InternetNews Realtime News for IT Managers InternetNews provides real-time news updated throughout the business day, coveringIT issues and Internet-related technologies for corporate managers and ...[http://www.internetnews.com/]
Finance Site List Comprehensive list of finance-related sites organized by category. Maintained byThe Journal of Finance.[http://fisher.osu.edu/fin/journal/jofsites.htm]
The study of money and other assets;
The management and control of those assets;
Profiling and managing project risks;
As a verb, "to finance" is to provide funds for business.
The activity of finance is the application of a set of techniques that individuals and organizations (entities) use to manage their financial affairs, particularly the differences between income and expenditure and the risks of their investments.
An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference.
A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays the interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in space since they allow different lenders and borrowers to meet, and in time, since every borrower, in theory, will eventually pay back.
A specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If you buy one share of XYZ Inc, and they have 100 shares outstanding (held by investors), you are 1/100 owner of that company. You own 1/100 of the net difference between assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Of course, in return for the stock, the company receives cash, which it uses to expand its business in a process called "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is called the company's capital structure.
Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), etc., as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional setting.
Yahoo! Finance - Get stock quotes, market news, mortgage rates ... At Yahoo! Finance, you get free stock quotes, up to date news, portfolio managementresources, international market data, message boards, and mortgage rates ...[http://finance.yahoo.com/]
CNNMoney.com Combines practical personal finance advice, calculators and investing tips withbusiness news, stock quotes, and financial market coverage from the editors ...[http://money.cnn.com/]
The International Finance Corporation IFC is a member of the World Bank Group. It finances and provides advice forprivate sector ventures and projects in developing countries in partnership ...[http://www.ifc.org/]
Fool.com: Investing, Stock Research, and Personal Finance Expert advice on picking stocks, investing for retirement, and dealing with life'smajor personal finance decisions.[http://www.fool.com/]
Quote.com: Homepage Lycos Finance- Get stock quotes, streaming LiveCharts, customizable Interactivecharts, Raging Bull message boards, financial news & research, ...[http://www.quote.com/]
New England College of Finance Register online, course information, seminar and custom training, admissions,online courses, Financial Services Academy, corporate information, FAQ.[http://www.finance.edu/]
Careers in Finance CareerSelector.com brings you free information on key careers in business suchas investment banking, consulting and marketing.[http://www.careers-in-finance.com/]
InternetNews Realtime News for IT Managers InternetNews provides real-time news updated throughout the business day, coveringIT issues and Internet-related technologies for corporate managers and ...[http://www.internetnews.com/]
Finance Site List Comprehensive list of finance-related sites organized by category. Maintained byThe Journal of Finance.[http://fisher.osu.edu/fin/journal/jofsites.htm]
Film
IFILM - Video, Movies, Trailers, Music and Viral Videos Film portal and directory, with editorial information and links to over 5000domestic and foreign Internet films.[http://www.ifilm.com/]
The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) But its Best Editing Oscar truly speaks to the films success, as Alan Heim tookall Fosses puzzle-piece ideas and created a unified picture. ...[http://www.imdb.com/]
Real Guide Home - Music videos, movie trailers and breaking news Real Movies: Fast, easy movie downloads, trailers, times and tickets.[http://movies.guide.real.com/]
American Film Institute Dedicated to identifying and training the next generation of film makers. Guide toworkshops and schedule of exhibitions.[http://www.afi.com/]
Greatest Films Detailed coverage of film genres, history and many classic films, includingvintage movie posters.[http://www.filmsite.org/]
Film Threat News and information on cult films, underground shorts, alternative films, andindependent features. Also reviews, interviews, and details on local and ...[http://www.filmthreat.com/]
British Film Institute UK national body for encouraging and preserving film, television and the movingimage. Information for fans, members and filmmakers includes films now ...[http://www.bfi.org.uk/]
Film Festivals . com - Non Stop Festivals FilmFestivals.com is your portal into the universe of cinema via its actors,directors and films being shown at film festivals all over the world.[http://www.filmfestivals.com/]
FILM FORUM: New Yorks leading movie house for independent ... premieres and repertoryprogramming. A Nonprofit Cinema Since 1970. Showing movies every day on 3 ...[http://www.filmforum.org/]
The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) But its Best Editing Oscar truly speaks to the films success, as Alan Heim tookall Fosses puzzle-piece ideas and created a unified picture. ...[http://www.imdb.com/]
Real Guide Home - Music videos, movie trailers and breaking news Real Movies: Fast, easy movie downloads, trailers, times and tickets.[http://movies.guide.real.com/]
American Film Institute Dedicated to identifying and training the next generation of film makers. Guide toworkshops and schedule of exhibitions.[http://www.afi.com/]
Greatest Films Detailed coverage of film genres, history and many classic films, includingvintage movie posters.[http://www.filmsite.org/]
Film Threat News and information on cult films, underground shorts, alternative films, andindependent features. Also reviews, interviews, and details on local and ...[http://www.filmthreat.com/]
British Film Institute UK national body for encouraging and preserving film, television and the movingimage. Information for fans, members and filmmakers includes films now ...[http://www.bfi.org.uk/]
Film Festivals . com - Non Stop Festivals FilmFestivals.com is your portal into the universe of cinema via its actors,directors and films being shown at film festivals all over the world.[http://www.filmfestivals.com/]
FILM FORUM: New Yorks leading movie house for independent ... premieres and repertoryprogramming. A Nonprofit Cinema Since 1970. Showing movies every day on 3 ...[http://www.filmforum.org/]
Education
Student loans are loans offered to students to assist in payment of the costs of professional education. These loans usually carry lower interests than other loans and are usually issued by the government. Often they are supplemented by student grants which do not have to be repaid.
Australia
Main article: Tertiary education fees in Australia
In Australia, students can pay for university courses using the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). The selection criterion for HECS is based on the rank achieved in the secondary school final examination. HECS fees are government-subsidised and are substantially cheaper than full-fee paying places which have lower entry requirements.-
Courses are ranked into three bands, with a year's tuition costing around $4,000–$6,000 AUD. Students have the option of deferring the HECS fee until they start earning above a certain threshold, whereupon they will repay the government through the tax system; the amount owed is indexed to inflation. Alternatively, students can pay upfront at the beginning of the semester; this option provides a 25% discount (2004).
Recent legislative changes that allow a high proportion of full-fee paying places, and lower upfront payment discounts have been a source of controversy.
Canada
Government loans
Canadian students are normally eligible for loans provided by the federal government, through the Canada Student Loans Program, in addition to loans provided by their province of residence. Loans issued to full-time students are interest free while a student is in full-time studies. Part-time students must make interest payments while in study and begin payments of principal and interest when they cease to be a part-time student. Grants may supplement loans to aid students who face particular barriers to accessing post-secondary education, such as students with permanent disabilities or students from low-income families.
Students must apply for the Canadian and provincial loans through their province of residence. The rules for what determines your province of residence vary, but normally it is defined as where you have most recently lived for at least 12 consecutive months, not including any time you spent as a full-time student at a post-secondary institution. In most cases, the province of residence is the province one lived in before becoming a post-secondary student.
Canada Student Loans (CSL) of up to $210 per week of full-time study or 60% of the student's assessed need (the lesser of these) can be issued per loan year (August 1–July 31). Loans issued through provincial programs will normally provide students with enough funding to cover the balance of their assessed need. Part-time loans of up to $4,000 can be made, but a student cannot be more than $4,000 in debt on part-time loans at any one time. All Canadian students may also be eligible for the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation Bursary (CMS Grant), and other grants provided by their province of residence.
For example, students in British Columbia may be eligible for a maximum of $14,300 combined loan and grant funding per year.
Education World® The Educators Best Friend Education World®. The Educators Best Friend. The surfing is over. Here you willfind the best education links and original content the Net has to offer.[http://www.education-world.com/]
US Department of Education Home Page Links to reports on all aspects of the organizations work, including studentaid, legislation, statistics, school locator, and many others.[http://www.ed.gov/]
NEA: National Education Association Home Page United States labor union committed to advancing the cause of public education.NEA represents teachers, secretaries and educational support personnel ...[http://www.nea.org/]
Education Index Search for educational information and links in over 50 categories.[http://www.educationindex.com/]
Education Week: News and Information About Issues in Education for ... Weekly news on American education issues. Searchable archives.[http://www.edweek.org/]
Education Place® Pre-K-8 elementary educational resources for teachers, students, and parents.[http://www.eduplace.com/]
Education Planet - The Education Web Guide Education Planet - A leading K-12 search engine that helps teachers, studentsand parents find educator approved educational resources, including top sites, ...[http://www.educationplanet.com/]
Family Education Network A site designed for parents and children to continue the education process at home.Includes topics of National and International news as well as age ...[http://www.familyeducation.com/home/]
Education in the Yahoo! Directory Explore a collection of sites including colleges and universities, K-12 schoolsand issues, adult and continuing education, distance learning, financial aid ...[http://dir.yahoo.com/Education/]
Australia
Main article: Tertiary education fees in Australia
In Australia, students can pay for university courses using the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). The selection criterion for HECS is based on the rank achieved in the secondary school final examination. HECS fees are government-subsidised and are substantially cheaper than full-fee paying places which have lower entry requirements.-
Courses are ranked into three bands, with a year's tuition costing around $4,000–$6,000 AUD. Students have the option of deferring the HECS fee until they start earning above a certain threshold, whereupon they will repay the government through the tax system; the amount owed is indexed to inflation. Alternatively, students can pay upfront at the beginning of the semester; this option provides a 25% discount (2004).
Recent legislative changes that allow a high proportion of full-fee paying places, and lower upfront payment discounts have been a source of controversy.
Canada
Government loans
Canadian students are normally eligible for loans provided by the federal government, through the Canada Student Loans Program, in addition to loans provided by their province of residence. Loans issued to full-time students are interest free while a student is in full-time studies. Part-time students must make interest payments while in study and begin payments of principal and interest when they cease to be a part-time student. Grants may supplement loans to aid students who face particular barriers to accessing post-secondary education, such as students with permanent disabilities or students from low-income families.
Students must apply for the Canadian and provincial loans through their province of residence. The rules for what determines your province of residence vary, but normally it is defined as where you have most recently lived for at least 12 consecutive months, not including any time you spent as a full-time student at a post-secondary institution. In most cases, the province of residence is the province one lived in before becoming a post-secondary student.
Canada Student Loans (CSL) of up to $210 per week of full-time study or 60% of the student's assessed need (the lesser of these) can be issued per loan year (August 1–July 31). Loans issued through provincial programs will normally provide students with enough funding to cover the balance of their assessed need. Part-time loans of up to $4,000 can be made, but a student cannot be more than $4,000 in debt on part-time loans at any one time. All Canadian students may also be eligible for the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation Bursary (CMS Grant), and other grants provided by their province of residence.
For example, students in British Columbia may be eligible for a maximum of $14,300 combined loan and grant funding per year.
Education World® The Educators Best Friend Education World®. The Educators Best Friend. The surfing is over. Here you willfind the best education links and original content the Net has to offer.[http://www.education-world.com/]
US Department of Education Home Page Links to reports on all aspects of the organizations work, including studentaid, legislation, statistics, school locator, and many others.[http://www.ed.gov/]
NEA: National Education Association Home Page United States labor union committed to advancing the cause of public education.NEA represents teachers, secretaries and educational support personnel ...[http://www.nea.org/]
Education Index Search for educational information and links in over 50 categories.[http://www.educationindex.com/]
Education Week: News and Information About Issues in Education for ... Weekly news on American education issues. Searchable archives.[http://www.edweek.org/]
Education Place® Pre-K-8 elementary educational resources for teachers, students, and parents.[http://www.eduplace.com/]
Education Planet - The Education Web Guide Education Planet - A leading K-12 search engine that helps teachers, studentsand parents find educator approved educational resources, including top sites, ...[http://www.educationplanet.com/]
Family Education Network A site designed for parents and children to continue the education process at home.Includes topics of National and International news as well as age ...[http://www.familyeducation.com/home/]
Education in the Yahoo! Directory Explore a collection of sites including colleges and universities, K-12 schoolsand issues, adult and continuing education, distance learning, financial aid ...[http://dir.yahoo.com/Education/]
Kaydol:
Kayıtlar (Atom)